Application of feed pellets in animal and aquatic farming industries has grown because of both the physical and the nutritional benefits it provides. Development of feed pellets manufacturing industry is also considerable. Steam conditioning process, which plays an important role in pelleting production, includes heating feed particles, adding moisture, and mixing the mash. Pellets cooling and drying processes are also involved in heat transfer phenomena. In this study, thermal conductivity of feed pellets was determined at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 85oC and moisture contents of 11.8 to 18.2% wb. It was measured by the transient technique using the line heat source method assembled in a thermal conductivity probe. It turned out that decreasing moisture contents from 18.2 to 11.8% (wb) produced non-linear reduction in thermal conductivity.The average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1509 to 0.2143 W m-1 oC-1 at different moisture contents. Tests conducted on two pellet size categories (based on nominal diameter) revealed a significant difference in thermal conductivity between these categories. The thermal conductivities of the first category (minor than nominal dia.) appeared to be 8.5% higher than those of the second category (superior to nominal dia.).Average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1538 to 0.2333 W m-1 oC-1 for the first category and from 0.1235 to 0.2456 W m-1 oC-1 for the second category (in 25oC). In addition, some empirical models were developed to express thermal properties as a function of moisture content and temperature.

Liquid paraffin as a coolant fluid can be applied in electronic devices as a result to its suitable capabilities such as electrical insulating, high heat capacity, chemical and thermal stability, and high boiling point. However, the poor thermal conductivity of paraffin has been confined its thermal cooling application. Addition of high conductor nanoparticles to paraffin can fix this drawback properly. In this article, the influence of the nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of base material was assessed. Temperature (20-50° C) and volume fractions (0-3%) effect on the thermal conductivity of paraffin/alumina nanofluids have been considered. Nanofluid samples were prepared applying the two-step method. The thermal conductivity was measured by a KD2 pro instrument. The results indicated the thermal conductivity augments smoothly with an increase in volume fraction of nanoparticles as well as temperature. Moreover, it observed that for nanofluids with more volume-fraction the temperature affection is more remarkable. thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE) and effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of the nanofluid was calculated and new correlations were reported to predict the values of them based on the volume fraction of nanoparticles and temperature of nanofluid accurately.

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a widely used method for measuring the dielectric Constant (Ka) and bulk electrical conductivity (σa) in soils. The TDR- measured σa and Ka can be used to calculate the soil solution electrical conductivity, (σp). A theoretical model describing a linear relationship between bulk electrical conductivity, σa, and dielectric Constant, Ka, in moist soil was already presented. By using this linear relationship, the pore water electrical conductivity, σp, can be estimated in a wide range of soil types without soil- specific calibration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the linear model presented previously for TDR. The previous study was on light texture soils but in this study we used clay, clay loam, loam, silty clay and silty clay loam textures. The results showed that the linear model performed well for light texture soils but not for heavy textures. Such poor result for heavy texture is mainly due to this fact that dielectric Constant pore water was lower than 80 which was proposed as default by model. This study showed that for heavy texture soils dielectric Constant of pore water is smaller than light textured soils.

In this project, Bio-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable research attention due to their comparative advantages of high level stability, simplistic use, low toxicity and overall environmental friendliness. New potentials for improvement in heat transfer applications are presented due to their high aspect ratio, high thermal conductivity and special surface area. Phonons have been identified as being responsible for thermal conductivities in carbon nanotubes. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of heat conduction in CNTs involves investigating the difference between the varieties of phonon modes and knowing the kinds of phonon modes that play the dominant role. In this review, a reference to a different number of studies is made and in addition, the role of phonon relaxation rate mainly controlled by boundary scattering and three-phonon Umklapp scattering process was investigated. Results show that the phonon modes are sensitive to a number of nanotube conditions such as: diameter, length, temperature, defects and axial strain. At a low temperature (<100K) the thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature. A small nanotube size causes phonon quantization which is evident in the thermal conductivity at low temperatures.

One of the best ways for recycling is the Producing of vermicompost from municipal waste. Worms optimal separation of organic material after finishing process increases the rate of decomposition of waste by composting worms placed. To design and build a system for induction heating the substrate in a controlled vermicompost fertilizer which leads to separation worms from bed and does not get hurt, the thermal parameters manure vermicompost is the essential. The method of mixtures and hot wire as a heating source was used for measuring the specific heat and thermal conductivity of vermicompost, respectively. The measurements were done at 40, 50, 60 and 70º C temperature levels and 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w. b) moisture content levels. The specific heat of vermicompost increased from 1. 6537 to 3. 5236 kj/kg° C, with increase in the experimental temperature and moisture content levels. The thermal conductivity of vermicompost increased from 0. 1054 to 0. 9163 wm-1° C, with increase the temperature and moisture content.

One of the most important thermal properties of unhulled pistachio nuts, namely bulk thermal coductivity, was evaluated as the function of moisture content and temperature. The moisture content of nuts ranged from 20.9% on the wet basis to 51.8% (moisture content at harvest time) and the temperature ranged from +20oC to +40oC. In order to measure the thermal conductivity of agricultural materials, a specific probe was developed. thermal conductivity was measured in transient state by calculating the maximum instant slope, using the line heat source which was assembled in the probe. Bulk thermal conductivity varied significantly with moisture content and temperature. It ranged from 0.1145 to 0.1904 W/mK and increased with moisture content in the range of 20.9-51.8% on the wet basis. Furthermore, increasing the temperature from 20 to 40oC raised the average thermal conductivity from 0.1448 to 0.1585 W/mK. The conducted tests on two varieties of nuts (Akbari and Kallehghoochi) demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of Kallehghoochi cultivar is lower than that of the Akbari cultivar at a=0.05. Quadratic regression equations were developed depicting the effect of moisture content and temperature on thermal conductivity.